• Definition: A stateless service that encapsulates domain logic that doesn’t naturally fit within an Entity or Value Object.

  • Example: PaymentProcessingService, CurrencyConversionService.

  • Use Case: When business logic spans multiple entities or is too complex to live in one model.

  • Encapsulates domain logic that doesn’t naturally belong to an Entity or Value Object.

  • Stateless – no internal state, operates purely on arguments and returns results.

  • Deals only with domain concepts (entities, value objects, domain rules).

  • Enforce domain invariants- Implement business rules involving multiple entities- Act like a verb in the domain.

  • Should be pure domain logic – no DB, messaging, etc